Yes, I meant some of the lower paying mfg branches which are located eg in the US South may be located on the European periphery (Portugal, Spain, Greece, Southern Italy, etc) or the third world. Comparing "Western" European wages to US wages may be comparing a part of an industrial matrix to a more complete one. Of course, Doug's point that the US industrial structure includes high growth, low wage services which simply don't exist anywhere in Europe is very interesting indeed. best, rakesh