Big questions that require a lot of digging to get good answers... :-)
I generally go to Michael Edelstein's book, _Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism_. There is also a very nice collection of essays on international lending, foreign debt, and default in historical perspective. I'm blanking on the title right now, but it was edited by Peter Lindert and Barry Eichengreen...
Charles F. Adams's _Chapters of Erie_ remains a magnificent read...
Brad DeLong