*Why* have costs spiralled upward so dramatically in the past 20
years?
>>>>>
I agree w/Jim. Advance of technology/practice/etc., in a system where expenses, after deductibles and co-pays, are reimbursed by a third party with minimal control of whether a service is provided or not. HMO's don't constrain this because when somebody needs something they will not provide, they migrate into some part of the system which does, such as Medicare.
mbs