I want to thank both Doug Henwood and Michael Hoover (on pen-l) for having provided some concrete answers to my inquiry regarding the recent and current status of the economic embargo against Yugoslavia (not just Serbia), although presumably the Serbian province of Kosmet (hi, Jim, :-)) will be exempt.
I have already expressed my view that this is a very important issue in terms of how things will evolve in the region in the postwar period, if that ever arrives. Barkley Rosser -----Original Message----- From: Doug Henwood <dhenwood at panix.com> To: lbo-talk at lists.panix.com <lbo-talk at lists.panix.com> Date: Thursday, June 17, 1999 12:46 PM Subject: Re: embargo of Serbia
>Still catching up, so I don't know if anyone answered Barkley's question
>about the embargo, but a quick glance at the subject headings looks like a
>no. Anyway, these two documents are from the White House web site.
>
>Doug
>
>----
>
><http://www.pub.whitehouse.gov/uri-res/I2R?urn:pdi://oma.eop.gov.us/1999/5/
4/11.
>text.1>
>
>
> THE WHITE HOUSE
>
> Office of the Press Secretary
>________________________________________________________________________
>For Immediate Release May 1, 1999
>
>
> FACT SHEET
>
> New Sanctions Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
>
>
>During the Washington Summit April 23-25, NATO allies agreed to
>intensify economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
>(FRY) and maximize the pressure on President Slobodan Milosevic to
>accept NATO's conditions for securing a durable peace in Kosovo. These
>sanctions reinforce the military action NATO has undertaken to reverse
>the ethnic cleansing campaign waged by Serbian security and paramilitary
>forces against the Kosovar Albanians.
>
>To implement this agreement, President Clinton signed an Executive Order
>on April 30, 1999, which strengthens sanctions on the Federal Republic
>of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). This Executive Order adds to the
>measures already in place under Executive Order 13088, which entered
>into effect on June 9, 1999.
>
>The sanctions consist of:
>
>- The blocking of all property and interests in property of the
> Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
> Montenegro), Serbia, and Montenegro;
>
>- A general ban on all U.S. exports and reexports to and imports from
> the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro),
> including specifically the export of petroleum and strategic
> goods; and
>
>- The elimination of loopholes by strengthened provisions on evasion.
>
>The current exemption from Montenegro will remain in force, reflecting
>the strong U.S. support for the democratically-elected, multi-ethnic
>government of that republic. Special consideration will also be given
>to the humanitarian needs of refugees from Kosovo and other civilians
>within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
>
>Finally, the Executive Order provides appropriate licensing authority
>for sales of food and medicine, consistent with the President's April 28
>announcement.
>
>The State Department continues to enforce an embargo against the
>shipment of arms and related materiel to the Federal Republic of
>Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) under the Arms Export Control Act.
>
>
>
> ###
>
>---------
>
><<http://www.pub.whitehouse.gov/uri-res/I2R?urn:pdi://oma.eop.gov.us/1995/1
2/8/4
>.text.1>
>
>
> THE WHITE HOUSE
>
> Office of the Press Secretary
>
> _______________________________________________________________
>
> For Immediate Release December 8, 1995
>
>
>
> TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
>
>
> On May 30, 1992, in Executive Order No. 12808, the
> President declared a national emergency to deal with the threat
> to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the
> United States arising from actions and policies of the
> Governments of Serbia and Montenegro, acting under the name of
> the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or the Federal
> Republic of Yugoslavia, in their involvement in and support for
> groups attempting to seize territory in Croatia and the Republic
> of Bosnia and Herzegovina by force and violence utilizing, in
> part, the forces of the so-called Yugoslav National Army (57 FR
> 23299, June 2, 1992). I expanded the national emergency in
> Executive Order No. 12934 of October 25, 1994, to address the
> actions and policies of the Bosnian Serb forces and the
> authorities in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia and
> Herzegovina that they control.
>
> The present report is submitted pursuant to 50 U.S.C.
> 1641(c) and 1703(c) and covers the period from May 30, 1995,
> to November 29, 1995. It discusses Administration actions
> and expenses directly related to the exercise of powers and
> authorities conferred by the declaration of a national emergency
> in Executive Order No. 12808 and Executive Order No. 12934 and
> to expanded sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
> (Serbia and Montenegro) (the "FRY (S&M)") and the Bosnian Serbs
> contained in Executive Order No. 12810 of June 5, 1992 (57 FR
> 24347, June 9, 1992), Executive Order No. 12831 of January 15,
> 1993 (58 FR 5253, January 21, 1993), Executive Order No. 12846
> of April 25, 1993 (58 FR 25771, April 27, 1993), and Executive
> Order No. 12934 of October 25, 1994 (59 FR 54117, October 27,
> 1994).
>
> 1. Executive Order No. 12808 blocked all property and
> interests in property of the Governments of Serbia and
> Montenegro, or held in the name of the former Government of the
> Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or the Government of
> the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, then or thereafter located
> in the United States or within the possession or control of
> United States persons, including their overseas branches.
>
> Subsequently, Executive Order No. 12810 expanded U.S.
> actions to implement in the United States the United Nations
> sanctions against the FRY (S&M) adopted in United Nations
> Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 757 of May 30, 1992. In
> addition to reaffirming the blocking of FRY (S&M) Government
> property, this order prohibited transactions with respect to
> the FRY (S&M) involving imports, exports, dealing in FRY
> (S&M)-origin property, air and sea transportation, contract
> performance, funds transfers, activity promoting importation or
> exportation or dealings in property, and official sports,
> scientific, technical, or other cultural representation of, or
> sponsorship by, the FRY (S&M) in the United States.
>
> Executive Order No. 12810 exempted from trade restrictions
> (1) transshipments through the FRY (S&M), and (2) activities
> related to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), the
> Conference on Yugoslavia, or the European Community Monitor
> Mission.
>
> On January 15, 1993, President Bush issued Executive
> Order No. 12831 to implement new sanctions contained in
> UNSC Resolution 787 of November 16, 1992. The order revoked
> the exemption for transshipments through the FRY (S&M) contained
> in Executive Order No. 12810, prohibited transactions within the
> United States or by a United States person relating to FRY (S&M)
> vessels and vessels in which a majority or controlling interest
> is held by a person or entity in, or operating from, the FRY
> (S&M), and stated that all such vessels shall be considered as
> vessels of the FRY (S&M), regardless of the flag under which
> they sail.
>
> On April 25, 1993, I issued Executive Order No. 12846 to
> implement in the United States the sanctions adopted in UNSC
> Resolution 820 of April 17, 1993. That resolution called on the
> Bosnian Serbs to accept the Vance-Owen peace plan for the
> Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and, if they failed to do so
> by April 26, 1993, called on member states to take additional
> measures to tighten the embargo against the FRY (S&M) and
> Serbian-controlled areas of the Republic of Bosnia and
> Herzegovina and the United Nations Protected Areas in Croatia.
> Effective April 26, 1993, the order blocked all property and
> interests in property of commercial, industrial, or public
> utility undertakings or entities organized or located in the
> FRY (S&M), including property and interests in property of
> entities (wherever organized or located) owned or controlled by
> such undertakings or entities, that are or thereafter come
> within the possession or control of United States persons.
>
> On October 25, 1994, in view of UNSC Resolution 942 of
> September 23, 1994, I issued Executive Order No. 12934 in order
> to take additional steps with respect to the crisis in the
> former Yugoslavia (59 FR 54117, October 27, 1994). Executive
> Order No. 12934 expands the scope of the national emergency
> declared in Executive Order No. 12808 to address the unusual and
> extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy,
> and economy of the United States posed by the actions and
> policies of the Bosnian Serb forces and the authorities in the
> territory in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina that they
> control, including their refusal to accept the proposed
> territorial settlement of the conflict in the Republic of Bosnia
> and Herzegovina.
>
> The Executive order blocks all property and interests in
> property that are in the United States, that hereafter come
> within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within
> the possession or control of United States persons (including
> their overseas branches) of: (1) the Bosnian Serb military and
> paramilitary forces and the authorities in areas of the Republic
> of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of those forces;
> (2) any entity, including any commercial, industrial, or public
> utility undertaking, organized or located in those areas of the
> Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian
> Serb forces; (3) any entity, wherever organized or located,
> which is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by any
> person in, or resident in, those areas of the Republic of Bosnia
> and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serb forces; and
> (4) any person acting for or on behalf of any person within the
> scope of the above definitions.
>
> The Executive order also prohibits the provision or
> exportation of services to those areas of the Republic of Bosnia
> and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serb forces, or to
> any person for the purpose of any business carried on in those
> areas, either from the United States or by a United States
> person. The order also prohibits the entry of any U.S.-flagged
> vessel, other than a U.S. naval vessel, into the riverine ports
> of those areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina under
> the control of Bosnian Serb forces. Finally, any transaction by
> any United States person that evades or avoids, or has the
> purpose of evading or avoiding, or attempts to violate any of
> the prohibitions set forth in the order is prohibited.
> Executive order No. 12934 became effective at 11:59 p.m.,
> e.d.t., on October 25, 1994.
>
> 2. The declaration of the national emergency on May 30,
> 1992, was made pursuant to the authority vested in the President
> by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the
> International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701
> et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et
> seq.), and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code.
> The emergency declaration was reported to the Congress on May
> 30, 1992, pursuant to section 204(b) of the International
> Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1703(b)) and the
> expansion of that national emergency under the same authorities
> was reported to the Congress on October 25, 1994. The
> additional sanctions set forth in related Executive orders were
> imposed pursuant to the authority vested in the President by the
> Constitution and laws of the United States, including the
> statutes cited above, section 1114 of the Federal Aviation Act
> (49 U.S.C. App. 1514), and section 5 of the United Nations
> Participation Act (22 U.S.C. 287c).
>
> 3. Effective June 30, 1995, the Federal Republic of
> Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) Sanctions Regulations, 31
> C.F.R. Part 585 (the "Regulations"), were amended to implement
> Executive Order No. 12934 (60 FR 34144, June 30, 1995). The
> name of the Regulations was changed to reflect the expansion of
> the national emergency to the Bosnian Serbs, and now reads
> "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia & Montenegro) and
> Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and
> Herzegovina Sanctions Regulations." A copy of the amended
> Regulations is attached.
>
> Treasury's blocking authority as applied to FRY (S&M)
> subsidiaries and vessels in the United States has been
> challenged in court. In Milena Ship Management Company, Ltd. v.
> Newcomb, 804 F.Supp. 846, 855, and 859 (E.D.L.A. 1992) aff'd,
> 995 F.2d 620 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 877
> (1994), involving five ships owned or controlled by FRY (S&M)
> entities blocked in various U.S. ports, the blocking authority
> as applied to these vessels was upheld. In IPT Company, Inc. v.
> United States Department of the Treasury, No. 92 CIV 5542
> (S.D.N.Y. 1994), the district court also upheld the blocking
> authority as applied to the property of a Yugoslav subsidiary
> located in the United States, and the case was subsequently
> settled.
>
> 4. Over the past 6 months, the Departments of State and
> Treasury have worked closely with European Union (the "EU")
> member states and other U.N. member nations to coordinate
> implementation of the U.N. sanctions against the FRY (S&M).
> This has included continued deployment of Organization for
> Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sanctions assistance
> missions (SAMs) to Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Former
> Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine to
> assist in monitoring land and Danube River traffic; support for
> the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (ICFY)
> monitoring missions along the Serbia-Montenegro-Bosnia border;
> bilateral contacts between the United States and other countries
> for the purpose of tightening financial and trade restrictions
> on the FRY (S&M); and ongoing multilateral meetings by financial
> sanctions enforcement authorities from various countries to
> coordinate enforcement efforts and to exchange technical
> information.
>
> 5. In accordance with licensing policy and the
> Regulations, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (FAC) has
> exercised its authority to license certain specific transactions
> with respect to the FRY (S&M), which are consistent with U.S.
> foreign policy and the Security Council sanctions. During the
> reporting period, FAC has issued 90 specific licenses regarding
> transactions pertaining to the FRY (S&M) or assets it owns or
> controls, bringing the total specific licenses issued as of
> October 13, 1995, to 1,020. Specific licenses have been issued:
> (1) for payment to U.S. or third country secured creditors,
> under certain narrowly defined circumstances, for preembargo
> import and export transactions; (2) for legal representation or
> advice to the Government of the FRY (S&M) or FRY (S&M)-located
> or controlled entities; (3) for the liquidation or protection of
> tangible assets of subsidiaries of FRY (S&M)-located or
> controlled firms located in the United States; (4) for limited
> transactions related to FRY (S&M) diplomatic representation in
> Washington and New York; (5) for patent, trademark, and
> copyright protection in the FRY (S&M) not involving payment to
> the FRY (S&M) Government; (6) for certain communications, news
> media, and travel-related transactions; (7) for the payment of
> crews' wages, vessel maintenance, and emergency supplies for
> FRY (S&M)-controlled ships blocked in the United States; (8) for
> the removal from the FRY (S&M), or protection within the
> FRY (S&M), of certain property owned and controlled by U.S.
> entities; (9) to assist the United Nations in its relief
> operations and the activities of the UNPROFOR; and (10) for
> payment from funds outside the United States where a third
> country has licensed the transaction in accordance with U.N.
> sanctions. Pursuant to U.S. regulations implementing UNSC
> Resolutions, specific licenses have also been issued to
> authorize exportation of food, medicine, and supplies intended
> for humanitarian purposes in the FRY (S&M).
>
> During the period, FAC addressed the status of the
> unallocated debt of the former Yugoslavia by authorizing
> nonblocked U.S. creditors under the New Financing Agreement for
> Yugoslavia (Blocked Debt) to exchange a portion of the Blocked
> Debt for new debt (bonds) issued by the Republic of Slovenia.
> The completion of this exchange will mark the transfer to
> Slovenia of sole liability for a portion of the face value of
> the $4.2 billion unallocated debt of the FRY (S&M) for which
> Slovenia, prior to the authorized exchange, was jointly and
> severally liable. The exchange will relieve Slovenia of the
> joint and several liability for the remaining unallocated
> FRY (S&M) debt and pave the way for its entry into
> international capital markets.
>
> During the past 6 months, FAC has continued to oversee the
> liquidation of tangible assets of the 15 U.S. subsidiaries of
> entities organized in the FRY (S&M). Subsequent to the issuance
> of Executive Order No. 12846, all operating licenses issued for
> these U.S.-located Serbian or Montenegrin subsidiaries or joint
> ventures were revoked, and the net proceeds of the liquidation
> of their assets placed in blocked accounts.
>
> In order to reduce the drain on blocked assets caused by
> continuing to rent commercial space, FAC arranged to have the
> blocked personalty, files, and records of the two Serbian
> banking institutions in New York moved to secure storage. The
> personalty is being liquidated, with the net proceeds placed in
> blocked accounts.
>
> Following the sale of the M/V Kapetan Martinovic in January
> 1995, five Yugoslav-owned vessels remain blocked in the United
> States. Approval of the UNSC's Serbian Sanctions Committee was
> sought and obtained for the sale of the M/V Kapetan Martinovic
> (and the M/V Bor, which was sold in June 1994).
>
> With the FAC-licensed sales of the M/V Kapetan Martinovic
> and the M/V Bor, those vessels were removed from the list of
> blocked FRY (S&M) entities and merchant vessels maintained by
> FAC. As of October 12, 1995, five additional vessels have been
> removed from the list of blocked FRY (S&M) entities and merchant
> vessels maintained by FAC as a result of sales conditions that
> effectively extinguished any FRY (S&M) interest: the M/V Blue
> Star, M/V Budva, M/V Bulk Star, M/V Hanuman, and M/V Sumadija.
> The new owners of several other formerly Yugoslav-owned vessels,
> which have been sold in other countries, have petitioned FAC to
> remove those vessels from the list.
>
> During the past 6 months, U.S. financial institutions have
> continued to block funds transfers in which there is a possible
> interest of the Government of the FRY (S&M) or an entity or
> undertaking located in or controlled from the FRY (S&M), and to
> stop prohibited transfers to persons in the FRY (S&M). The
> value of transfers blocked has amounted to $137.5 million since
> the issuance of Executive Order No. 12808, including some
> $13.9 million during the past 6 months.
>
> To ensure compliance with the terms of the licenses that
> have been issued under the program, stringent reporting
> requirements are imposed. More than 318 submissions have been
> reviewed by FAC since the last report, and more than 130
> compliance cases are currently open.
>
> 6. Since the issuance of Executive Order No. 12810, FAC
> has worked closely with the U.S. Customs Service to ensure both
> that prohibited imports and exports (including those in which
> the Government of the FRY (S&M) or Bosnian Serb authorities have
> an interest) are identified and interdicted, and that permitted
> imports and exports move to their intended destination without
> undue delay. Violations and suspected violations of the embargo
> are being investigated and appropriate enforcement actions are
> being taken. Numerous investigations carried over from the
> prior reporting period are continuing. Since the last report,
> FAC has collected 10 civil penalties totaling more than $27,000.
> Of these, five were paid by U.S. financial institutions for
> violative funds transfers involving the Government of the
> FRY (S&M), persons in the FRY (S&M), or entities located or
> organized in or controlled from the FRY (S&M). One U.S. company
> and one air carrier have also paid penalties related to
> unlicensed payments to the Government of the FRY (S&M) or other
> violations of the Regulations. Two companies and one law firm
> have also remitted penalties for their failure to follow the
> conditions of FAC licenses.
>
> 7. The expenses incurred by the Federal Government in the
> 6-month period from May 30, 1995, through November 29, 1995,
> that are directly attributable to the declaration of a national
> emergency with respect to the FRY (S&M) and the Bosnian Serb
> forces and authorities are estimated at about $3.5 million, most
> of which represent wage and salary costs for Federal personnel.
> Personnel costs were largely centered in the Department of the
> Treasury (particularly in FAC and its Chief Counsel's Office,
> and the U.S. Customs Service), the Department of State, the
> National Security Council, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the
> Department of Commerce.
>
> 8. The actions and policies of the Government of the
> FRY (S&M), in itsinvolvement in and support for groups attempting to
> seize and hold territory in the Republics of Croatia and Bosnia and
> Herzegovina by force and violence, and the actions and policies
> of the Bosnian Serb forces and the authorities in the areas of
> Bosnia and Herzegovina under their control, continue to pose an
> unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security,
> foreign policy, and economy of the United States. The United
> States remains committed to a multilateral resolution of the
> conflict through implementation of the United Nations Security
> Council resolutions.
>
> I shall continue to exercise the powers at my disposal to
> apply economic sanctions against the FRY (S&M) and the Bosnian
> Serb forces, civil authorities, and entities, as long as these
> measures are appropriate, and will continue to report
> periodically to the Congress on significant developments
> pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1703(c).
>
>
> WILLIAM J. CLINTON
>
>
>
>
> THE WHITE HOUSE,
> December 8, 1995.
>
>
>
>
> # # #
>
>
>
>
>
>