Scientist 'killed Amazon indians to test race theory'

[Wojtek Sokolowski]

>To see this story with its related links on the Guardian Unlimited site,
go to http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk
>
>Scientist 'killed Amazon indians to test race theory'
>Geneticist accused of letting thousands die in rainforest
>Paul Brown,  Environment correspondent
>Friday September 22 2000
>The Guardian
>
>
>Thousands of South American indians were infected with measles, killing
hundreds, in order to for US scientists to study the effects on primitive
societies of natural selection, according to a book out next month. 
>
>The astonishing story of genetic research on humans, which took 10 years
to uncover, is likely to shake the world of anthropology to its core,
according to Professor Terry Turner of Cornell University, who has read the
proofs.  
>
>"In its scale, ramifications, and sheer criminality and corruption it is
unparalleled in the history of anthropology," Prof Turner says in a warning
letter to Louise Lamphere, the president of the American Anthropology
Association (AAA).  
>
>The book accuses James Neel, the geneticist who headed a long-term project
to study the Yanomami people of Venezuela in the mid-60s, of using a
virulent measles vaccine to spark off an epidemic which killed hundreds and
probably thousands.  
>
>Once the epidemic was under way, according to the book, the research team
"refused to provide any medical assistance to the sick and dying Yanomami,
on explicit order from Neel. He insisted to his colleagues that they were
only there to observe and record the epidemic, and that they must stick
strictly to their roles as scientists, not provide medical help".  
>
>The book, Darkness in El Dorado by the investigative journalist Patrick
Tierney, is due to be published on October 1. Prof Turner, whose letter was
co-signed by fellow anthropologist Leslie Sponsel of the University of
Hawaii, was trying to warn the AAA of the impending scandal so the
profession could defend itself.  
>
>Although Neel died last February, many of his associates, some of them
authors of classic anthropology texts, are still alive.  
>
>The accusations will be the main focus of the AAA's AGM in November, when
the surviving scientists have been invited to defend their work. None have
commented publicly, but they are asking colleagues to come to their
defence.   
>
>One of the most controversial aspects of the research which allegedly
culminated in the epidemic is that it was funded by the US atomic energy
commission, which was anxious to discover what might happen to communities
when large numbers were wiped out by nuclear war.  
>
>While there is no "smoking gun" in the form of texts or recorded speeches
by Neel explaining his conduct, Prof Turner believes the only explanation
is that he was trying to test controversial eugenic theories like the Nazi
scientist Josef Mengele.  
>
>He quotes another anthropologist who read the manuscript as saying: "Mr.
Tierney's analysis is a case study of the dangers in science of the
uncontrolled ego, of lack of respect for life, and of greed and
self-indulgence. It is a further extraordinary revelation of malicious and
perverted work conducted under the aegis of the atomic energy commission."  
>
>Prof Turner says Neel and his group used a virulent vaccine called
Edmonson B on the Yanomani, which was known to produce symptoms virtually
indistinguishable from cases of measles.  
>
>"Medical experts, when informed that Neel and his group used the vaccine
in   question on the Yanomami, typically refuse to believe it at first,
then say that it is incredible that they could have done it, and are at a
loss to explain why they would have chosen such an inappropriate and
dangerous vaccine," he writes.  
>
>"There is no record that Neel sought any medical advice before applying
the vaccine. He never informed the appropriate organs of the Venezuelan
government that his group was planning to carry out a vaccination campaign,
as he was legally required to do.    
>
> Fatalities
> 
>
> "Neither he nor any other member of the expedition has ever explained why
that vaccine was used, despite the evidence that it actually caused or, at
a minimum, greatly exacerbated the fatal epidemic."  
>
>Prof Turner says that Neel held the view that "natural" human society, as
seen before the advent of large-scale agriculture, consists of small,
genetically isolated groups in which dominant genes - specifically a gene
he believed existed for "leadership" or "innate ability" - have a selective
advantage.  
>
>In such an environment, male carriers   of this gene would gain access to
a disproportionate number of females, reproducing their genes more
frequently than less "innately able" males. The result would supposedly be
a continual upgrading of the human genetic stock.  
>
>He says Neel believed that in modern societies "superior leadership genes
would be swamped by mass genetic mediocrity".  
>
>"The political implication of this fascistic eugenics is clearly that
society should be reorganised into small breeding isolates in which
genetically superior males could emerge into dominance, eliminating or
subordinating the male losers in the competition for leadership and women,
and amassing harems of brood females." Prof Turner adds.  
>
>In the memo he says: "One of Tierney's more startling revelations is that
the whole Yanomami project was an outgrowth and continuation of the atomic
energy commission's secret programme of experiments on human subjects.  
>
>"Neel, the originator of the project, was part of the medical and genetic
research team attached to the atomic energy commission since the days of
the Manhattan Project."   
>
>James Neel was well-known for his research into the effects of radiation
on human subjects and personally headed the team that investigated the
effects of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs on survivors and their children.  
>
>According to Prof Turner, the same group also secretly carried out
experiments on human subjects in the US. These included injecting people
with radioactive plutonium without their knowledge or permission.    
>
> Nightmarish
> 
>
> "This nightmarish story - a real anthropological heart of darkness beyond
the imagining of even a Joseph Conrad (though not, perhaps, a Josef
Mengele) - will be seen (rightly in our view) by the public, as well as
most anthropologists, as putting the whole discipline on trial," he says.  
>
>"This book should... cause the field to understand how the corrupt and
depraved protagonists could have spread their poison for so long while they
were accorded great respect throughout the western world... This should
never be allowed to happen again."   
>
>Yesterday Professor Turner told the Guardian it was unfortunate that the
confidential memo had been leaked, but it had accomplished its original
purpose in getting a full response from the AAA.  
>
>A public forum would be held at its AGM in November to discuss the book
its revelations and courses of action.  
>
>In a statement yesterday the association said "The AAA is extremely
concerned about these allegations. If proven true they would constitute a
serious violation of Yanomami human rights and our code of ethics. Until
there is a full and impartial review and discussion of the issues raised in
the book, it would be unfair to express a judgment about the specific
allegations against individuals that are contained in it.  
>
>"The association is anticipating conducting an open forum during our
annual meeting to provide an opportunity for our members to review and
discuss the issues and allegations raised in the book." 
>
>Copyright Guardian Newspapers Limited
>
>