I answered this early on, backing up Carrol's claim. Stuart also answered this. Rudy has all the research in his book (my book is in storage, at the moment) and that research was done in the 70s and 80s. Back then, Syracuse used to get boatloads of NIH monies to study alcohol, alcoholism, drinking. Rudy worked under someone who headed up that research program, Hal Mizruchi, IIRC. He used a 'symbolic interactionist' approach.
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