Jews Norsk betegnelse:Jøder (pers. fl.t.), jødisk Russisk betegnelse:Yevreyi, yevreyskiy Alternativt navn: Undergrupper: The vast majority of Jews in the Russian Federation are Ashkenazic Jews (also referred to as European Jews). In some regions there are also other sub-groups: Georgian Jews and Mountain Jews (Caucasus), Central Asian Jews (Southern Siberia and Central Asia). Historically, there have also been other sub-groups, that are no longer distinctive from the others, namely: Krymchaks, Karaites (Crimea), Khazars (of the Khazar empire), Sabbatarians (Caucasus)
Religion:Judaism Språk:Yiddisch (Askenazic Jews), Russian, Tajiki-Jewish, Tajik (some in Central Asia), Hebrew Språkfamilie:A mix of Semitic and Germanic elements Utdanningsnivå: Spredning Russland: Moscow, St.Petersburg, Caucasus, Russian far east, the Jewish autonomous oblast.
Diaspora: USA, France, Ukraina, Great Britain, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Belarus, Australia, Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Iran, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, Romania, Turkey, Uzbekistan.
Historikk: Since they became part of the Russian empire in the second half of the 18th c., the Ashkenazic Jews have constituted a vast majority of the Jews in Russia. But Jewry in Russia dates way further back. There were definitely Jews in the Caucasus already in pre-Christian times. Tradition has it that the first Jews fled to the area in the 8th c. B.C., after Israel was defeated by the Assyrians. This has not been proved, however. A major Jewish migration from northern Persia to the Caucasus area took place in the 5th c. A.D, adding to the Jewish population already present. The two main types of native Caucasian Jews - the Georgian Jews and the Mountain Jews (centred in Dagestan) - ultimately emerged from these migrations. In the 7th to the 10th c., the Khazar state included the northern part of the Caucasus, and there are speculations that they may have gotten their Judaism from the Mountain Jews. Under the growing influence of Islam in the area, many Caucasian Jews were compelled to convert to the Muslim faith, especially after the fall of the Khazar state. As Russian influence in the area was increasing in the 18th c., the Mountain Jews gradually sided with the Russians, while the Georgian Jews remained pro-Georgian. In the beginning, Russian rule made life easier for the Jews. Under the anti-semitic Nicholas I (1825-55), however, the Caucasian Jews lost many of their rights. The situation improved under Alexander II (1855-81), as the Jews played an important role in the development and marketing of Baku oil. By the 1897 census, only a small minority of the Jews in Caucasus were native Caucasian Jews, due to the influx of Ashkenazic Jews.
Also Crimea definitely had Jewish population more than 2000 years ago. Also in this case, the legend has it that they came after the Assyrian conquest of Israel in the 8th c. B.C. The earliest documented settlement, however, was in the 1st c. B.C. Whatever their origins, these Jews together with the later Khazars of Crimea, formed the so-called Krymchak, the first type of Jews to live in the Crimea. A second group was the Karaites, that probably came to the area from Byzantium around 1150 A.D. Karaism arose in Babylonia/Persia, but gradually their centre shifted to Europe. This sectarian group was religiously different from the other Jews, and was to face a different fate from that of traditional Jews, especially during World War II (see below). Khazars established a strong foothold on the Crimea from the 7th c., and possibly accepted their Judaism from the Krymchaks (or, again, from the Caucasian Jews). The Khazar state, that began to decline in the 10th c., secured safe space for many Jews escaping from the Byzantium empire, and thus the Jewish population increased. This medieval Khazar state was the only Jewish state in the world between the fall of the Second Temple in 67 A.D. and the formation of Israel in 1948. The Khazars were probably a Turkish people, that established themselves on the Sea of Azov, the Don, the lower Volga, the Caspian Sea and the northern Caucasus in the 500s A.D. It is believed that their state between the 7th and 10th c. included the Crimea, Caucasus, Volga and Caspian regions. The Khazar elite converted to Judaism in the 7th or 8th c. Their religion was probably never very strong, and Judaism, Christianity and Islam seem to have cohabited peacefully in their state. There have never been any firm population figures for the Khazar Jews, and the disappearance of the Khazar state means that any remaining Khazar Jews became part of other Jewish groups. The Mongols took Crimea in 1236, and were at first tolerant about religion. However, as the third Mongol/Tatar ruler, Berke, converted to Islam in 1258, Islamicization of the Crimea began. This process continued with the Ottoman Turks, who conquered Crimea in 1475. The Turks changed the trading routes, and Crimean Jews increasingly turned to agriculture. It is likely that Muslim persecution and conversions reduced the Jewish population over the centuries. Many may also have emigrated to the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom in the 16th c. where the Jewish community was granted some privileges. When Russians acquired Crimea in 1783, there were less than 500 Jewish families on the peninsula. After the Russian conquest, there was a strong influx of Ashkenazic Jews, who by the late 19th c., formed a majority of Crimea's Jewish population. The Russians favoured the Karaites over the Krymchaks, thus splitting the Jewish community. When the Nazis occupied the Crimea in 1941, they annihilated Ashkenazic Jews and Krymchaks, but not Karaites.
The Central Asian Jews also have a tradition that dates their origin back to the 8th c. In reality, they arrived much earlier , possibly as early as the 5th c. A.D. Whatever the date, scholars agree that they arrived from Persia. After the rise of Islam in Central Asia, the Jewish community probably declined due to persecution and general oppression and discrimination (they paid double taxes, were only allowed to use donkeys - not horses and mules, had to wear special clothing to be easily identified, and so on). Over the centuries, their religious practices deteriorated sharply, until they experienced a revival at the end of the 18th c. Their old Persian lithurgy was replaced with the Sephardic one, and a Bukharan Jewish spiritual centre was set up in Jerusalem a century later. The Russians captured Tashkent in 1866; Samarkand and much of the Bukharan Khanate then became part of the Russian empire. Central Asian Jews began to receive better treatment. The Russian government permitted other Jews to move to Central Asia as well, and by World War 2, Ashkenazic Jews would dominate the Jewish population there as well. In February 1917, all legal restrictions were lifted from Central Asian Jews. In March 1918, however, after the Bolsheviks had come to power, there were pogroms in the area. Bolshevik economic policies didn't favor the trade-oriented Jews, and many had to turn to agriculture. The Bolsheviks abolished Hebrew as a dead language and insisted that the Jews use Tajik language instead.
Like the other Jewish communities that became part of
the Russian empire, Ashkenazic Jewry was also fully
developed before large numbers of Ashkenazic Jews
became subjects of the Russian tsar. The most likely
origins of the Ashkenazic community were in the West,
in Europe proper. There were Jewish communities many
places in Christian Europe until they were expelled
from many countries in the 13th to 15th c (England
1290, France 1306 and 1394, Spain and Portugal 1492,
1497). Many moved eastward to the rising
Polish-Lithuanian state where they were welcome by the
rulers for primarily economic reasons. Yiddisch
language (a mixture of High German dialects, with
additional vocabulary from Hebrew and Slavic tongues -
written with Hebrew letters), first developed within
this group. In the 16th c., the Polish-Lithuanian
state became the demographic and spiritual centre of
the Jewish world. After the Hmelnitsky massacres of
1648-1654 (an estimated 400,000 out of appr. 2 million
Jews were killed), this community fell into decline.
>From the late 18th c., when almost a million
Polish-Lithuanian Jews came into the Russian empire
with the partitions of Poland, the vast majority of
the Russian Jews were Ashkenazim. At first, they were
not met with discrimination. This changed under
Catherine II, however, with a 1791 decree that forbad
Jews to settle in traditional Russia (Russia as of
before the partitions of Poland). Double taxes and
professional restrictions were also imposed. In 1827,
tsar Nicholas decreed that Jews (except Karaites) were
liable to military service, which caused many young
Jews to mutilate themselves to avoid registration.
There was a temporary reprieve under Alexander II
(1855-81). Conditions in the military were eased, the
Jews were allowed more mobility witin the empire and
freer access to schools. The percentage of Jews in
higher education has since then always been higher
than the Jewish percentage of the total population.
New restrictions on education and residency were
enforced under the last two Romanovs, Alexander III
(1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917). Pogroms also
broke out from time to time after 1881, causing the
death of appr. 200,000 Jews, many of whom were killed
during the worst pogroms of the Civil war period
(1918-21). Despite of all this, the Jewish population
increased also after 1881 (to over 5 million at the
turn of the century). But many chose to emigrate. Over
1,5 million Jews left the Russian empire between 1881
and 1914. They went to Canada, Argentina, South
Africa, and the United States. Of those who stayed
behind, many joined the revolutionary movement to seek
to improve the situation through political action.
Jews played a prominent role in the Marxist movement
that overthrew the tsarist regime in 1917.
The Soviet period was in many ways paradoxical. The state attacked Jewish religion and Jewish traditional life to a greater degree than any tsarist regime had ever done. But at the same time, Jews had a greater opportunity to participate in society than ever before in their history. And participate they did. They were vastly over-represented in higher education, science, politics and publishing. In 1934, a Jewish Autonomous region was established in Birobidzhan, located in a remote corner of Asia near the Manchurian border, in the Khabarovsk district. Jews had been encouraged to move their since 1928. Very few Jews did, however, and of those who settled there, many later left. In 1970, there were only 14.000 Jews in Birobidzhan. Anti-Jewish activity in the Soviet Union increased greatly after the formation of the state of Israel in 1948. Soviet Jews were suspected of double loyalties. Yiddisch language and the Jewish religion suffered catastrophically under Communism. The number of Jews also decreased. 3,000.000 of them became Polish citizens with the resurrection of a Polish state after World War I, many died during the pogroms of the Civil war. During World War II, the Nazis killed appr. 1,5 million Soviet Jews, leaving 1,6 million survivors. The Jewish population increased again after the war, reaching 2,2 million in 1959, and then stagnated, dropping to 2,1 million in 1970. Then, in 1970, the first of two waves of emigration began. From 1970 to 1981, over 250,000 Jews emigrated, most of tem to Israel. The second wave was under Gorbachov, when the floodgates opened again. From 1987 to 1991, an additional almost 500,000 Jews left the Soviet Union.
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'JEWISH' fordelt på administrative enheter 1989 Adm. enhet Antall % av gruppen Antall eget språk Antall russisk Antall andre Total 536800 100% Moscow 174728 32,55% 9597 (5,49%) 164453 (94,12%) 678 (0,39%) Saint Petersburg 106142 19,77% 5350 (5,04%) 100328 (94,52%) 464 (0,44%) Moscow Oblast 23121 4,31% 1900 (8,22%) 21073 (91,14%) 148 (0,64%) Khabarovsk 14014 2,61% 1445 (10,31%) 12516 (89,31%) 53 (0,38%) Dagestan 13039 2,43% 11228 (86,11%) 1300 (9,97%) 511 (3,92%) The Jewish autonomous oblast 8887 1,66% 1037 (11,67%) 7826 (88,06%) 24 (0,27%) Bryansk 6731 1,25% 533 (7,92%) 6172 (91,70%) 26 (0,39%) Irkutsk 4796 0,89% 333 (6,94%) 4432 (92,41%) 31 (0,65%)
http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Jewish
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