<DIV class=Section1> <H2 style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><FONT face=Verdana color=black size=5><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt">Oil for Sale : Iraq Study Group Recommends Privatization</SPAN></FONT></H2> <H5 style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">By Antonia Juhasz, AlterNet<BR>Posted on December 7, 2006, Printed on December 7, 2006<BR>http://www.alternet.org/story/45190/</SPAN></FONT></H5> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In its heavily anticipated report released on Wednesday, the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_0 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> Study Group made at least four truly radical proposals.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The report calls for the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_1 style="BACKGROUND: none
transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">United States</SPAN> to assist in privatizing <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_2 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN>'s national oil industry, opening <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_3 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> to private foreign oil and energy companies, providing direct technical assistance for the "drafting" of a new national oil law for <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_4 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN>, and assuring that all of <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_5 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN>'s oil revenues accrue to the central government. </SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">President Bush hired an employee from the U.S. consultancy firm Bearing Point Inc. over a year ago to advise the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_6 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> Oil Ministry on the
drafting and passage of a new national oil law. As previously drafted, the law opens <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_7 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's nationalized oil sector to private foreign corporate investment, but stops short of full privatization. The ISG report, however, goes further, stating that "the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_8 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">United States</SPAN> should assist Iraqi leaders to reorganize the national oil industry as a commercial enterprise." In addition, the current Constitution of <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_9 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> is ambiguous as to whether control over <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_10 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's oil should be shared among its regional provinces or held under the central government. The report specifically recommends the latter: "Oil revenues should accrue to the central government and be shared on the basis of population."
If these proposals are followed, <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_11 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's national oil industry will be privatized and opened to foreign firms, and in control of all of <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_12 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's oil wealth.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The proposals should come as little surprise given that two authors of the report, James A. Baker III and Lawrence Eagleburger, have each spent much of their political and corporate careers in pursuit of greater access to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_13 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's oil and wealth.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">"Pragmatist" is the word most often used to describe <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_14 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> Study Group
co-chair James A. Baker III. It is equally appropriate for Lawrence Eagleburger. The term applies particularly well to each man's efforts to expand U.S. economic engagement with Saddam Hussein throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. Not only did their efforts enrich Hussein and U.S. corporations, particularly oil companies, it also served the interests of their own private firms.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On April 21,1990, a U.S. delegation was sent to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_15 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> to placate Saddam Hussein as his anti-American rhetoric and threats of a Kuwaiti invasion intensified. James A. Baker III, then President George H.W. Bush's secretary of state, personally sent a cable to the U.S embassy in <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_16 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Baghdad</SPAN> instructing the U.S. ambassador to meet with Hussein and to make
clear that, "as concerned as we are about <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_17 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN>'s chemical, nuclear, and missile programs, we are not in any sense preparing the way for preemptive military unilateral effort to eliminate these programs."*</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Instead, Baker's interest was focused on trade, which he described as the "central factor in the U.S-Iraq relationship." From 1982, when Reagan removed <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_18 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> from the list of countries supporting terrorism, until August 1990, when <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_19 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> invaded <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_20 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Kuwait</SPAN> , Baker and Eagleburger worked with others in the Reagan and Bush administrations to aggressively and successfully expand this
trade.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The efficacy of such a move may best be described in a memo written in 1988 by the Bush transition team arguing that the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_21 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">United States</SPAN> would have "to decide whether to treat <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_22 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> as a distasteful dictatorship to be shunned where possible, or to recognize <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_23 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN>'s present and potential power in the region and accord it relatively high priority. We strongly urge the latter view." Two reasons offered were <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_24 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's "vast oil reserves," which promised "a lucrative market for U.S. goods," and the fact that U.S. oil imports from <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_25 style="BORDER-BOTTOM:
#0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> were skyrocketing. Bush and Baker took the transition team's advice and ran with it.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In fact, from 1983 to 1989, annual trade between the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_26 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">United States</SPAN> and <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_27 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> grew nearly sevenfold and was expected to double in 1990, before <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_28 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> invaded <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_29 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Kuwait</SPAN> . In 1989, <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_30 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> became the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_31 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">United States</SPAN> ' second-largest trading partner in the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_32 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Middle
East</SPAN>: <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_33 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> purchased $5.2 billion in U.S. exports, while the U.S. bought $5.5 billion in Iraqi petroleum. From 1987 to July 1990, U.S. imports of Iraqi oil increased from 80,000 to 1.1 million barrels per day.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Eagleburger and Baker had much to do with that skyrocketing trade. In December 1983, then undersecretary of state Eagleburger wrote the U.S. Export-Import Bank to personally urge it to begin extending loans to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_34 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> to "signal our belief in the future viability of the Iraqi economy and secure a U.S. foothold in a potentially large export market." He noted that <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_35 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> "has plans well advanced for an additional 50 percent increase in its oil
exports by the end of 1984." Ultimately, billions of loans would be made or backed by the U.S. government to the Iraqi dictator, money used by Hussein to purchase U.S. goods.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In 1984, Baker became treasury secretary, Reagan opened full diplomatic relations with <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_36 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> , and Eagleburger became president of Henry Kissinger's corporate consultancy firm, Kissinger Associates.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Kissinger Associates participated in the U.S.-Iraq Business Forum through managing director Alan Stoga. The Forum was a trade association representing some 60 American companies, including Bechtel, Lockheed, Texaco, Exxon, Mobil, and Hunt Oil. The Iraqi ambassador to the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_37 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px
dashed">United States</SPAN> told a <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_38 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Washington , D.C</SPAN>. , audience in 1985, "Our people in <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_39 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Baghdad</SPAN> will give priority -- when there is a competition between two companies -- to the one that is a member of the Forum." Stoga appeared regularly at Forum events and traveled to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_40 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> on a Forum-sponsored trip in 1989 during which he met directly with Hussein. Many Kissinger clients were also members of the Forum and became recipients of contracts with Hussein.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In 1989, Eagleburger returned to the state department now under Secretary Baker. That same year, President Bush signed National Security Directive 26 stating, "We should pursue, and seek to facilitate,
opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the reconstruction of the Iraqi economy, particularly in the energy area."</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The president then began discussions of a $1 billion loan guarantee for <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_41 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> one week before Secretary Baker met with Tariq Aziz at the state department to seal the deal.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But once Hussein invaded <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_42 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Kuwait</SPAN> , all bets were off. Baker made a public plea for support of military action against Hussein, arguing, "The economic lifeline of the industrial world runs from the Gulf and we cannot permit a dictator such as this to sit astride that economic lifeline."</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New
Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baker had much to gain from increased access to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_43 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's oil. According to author Robert Bryce, Baker and his immediate family's personal investments in the oil industry at the time of the first Gulf War included investments in Amoco, Exxon and Texaco. The family law firm, Baker Botts, has represented Texaco, Exxon, Halliburton and Conoco Phillips, among other companies, in some cases since 1914 and in many cases for decades. (Eagleburger is also connected to Halliburton, having only recently departed the company's board of directors). Baker is a longtime associate and now senior partner of Baker Botts, which this year, for the second year running, was recipient of "The International Who's Who of Business Lawyers Oil & Gas Law Firm of the Year Award," while the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_44 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Middle
East</SPAN> remains a central focus of the firm.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">This past July, U.S. Energy Secretary Bodman announced in <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_45 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Baghdad</SPAN> that senior U.S. oil company executives would not enter <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_46 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> without passage of the new law. <I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Petroleum Economist</SPAN></I> magazine later reported that U.S. oil companies put passage of the oil law before security concerns as the deciding factor over their entry into <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_47 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> . Put simply, the oil companies are trying to get what they were denied before the war or at anytime in modern Iraqi history: access to <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_48 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> 's oil under the
ground. They are also trying to get the best deal possible out of a war-ravaged and occupied nation. However, waiting for the law's passage and the need to guarantee security of U.S. firms once they get to work, may well be a key factor driving the one proposal by the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_49 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> Study Group that has received great media attention: extending the presence of U.S. troops in <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_50 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> at least until 2008.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">As the recommendations of the <SPAN id=lw_1165786152_51 style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">Iraq</SPAN> Study Group are more thoroughly considered, we should remain ever vigilant and wary of corporate war profiteers in pragmatist's clothing.</SPAN></FONT></div> <div><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">*All quotes are referenced in my book, "The Bush Agenda." </SPAN></FONT></div> <div><I><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-STYLE: italic">Antonia Juhasz is a visiting scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies, author of "The Bush Agenda: Invading the World, One Economy at a Time," and a contributing author, with John Perkins and others, of "A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption." <A href="http://thebushagenda.net/" target=_blank rel=nofollow><FONT color=#003399>www.TheBushAgenda.net</FONT></A>. </SPAN></FONT></I></div> <H5 style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><B><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">© 2006 Independent Media Institute. All rights reserved.<BR>View this story online at: http://www.alternet.org/story/45190/</SPAN></FONT></B></H5> <div class=MsoNormal><FONT
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