Chapter 2: Biology and Evolution
Multiple Choice
1. How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh? A. apocalyptic myth B. salvation myth C. children's myth D. creation myth
2. Where are the Nez Perce located? A. eastern Oregon and Idaho B. Washington and western Montana C. Tennessee and eastern Kentucky D. Massachusetts and New York
3. Evolution can be described as: A. an anti-Creationist account of the origin of life B. the foundation of culture in contemporary society C. the major organizing principle of the biological sciences D. the major organizing principle of the social sciences
4. What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution? A. evolution is a fact, but some people prefer to see it as theory B. biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it works C. evolution explains all change and the theories explain contemporary change D. there is no difference between these two
5. Which of the following statements is false? A. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using hypotheses B. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using theories C. evolution can explain diversity and creation myths cannot D. creation myths and evolutionary accounts do not differ
6. Which scientist developed the Systema Naturae? A. Aristotle B. Carolus Linnaeus C. Jean Lamarck D. Charles Darwin
7. Which of the following best describes the "Great Chain of Being" approach?
A. a creation myth discovered by the Greeks in the 1st century AD B. an early scientific description of the inanimate world based on form C. a classification of animate life-forms only, with humans at the very top D. a categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities
8. The "Great Chain of Being" was first developed by: A. Herodotus B. Aristotle C. Galileo D. Sophocles
9. What was unique about the "system of nature" classification when it was first proposed? A. Aristotle classified humans just below angels B. von Linné classified humans just below angels C. Linnaeus classified humans with other primates D. Aristotle classified humans with other primates
10. A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a: A. genus B. category C. family D. species
11. How would you best describe a genus? A. a group of like species B. a subdivision of species C. a sub-species D. archaic forms of species
12. Homo describes a human _______________. A. order B. homology C. genus D. species
13. Charles Darwin was hired as a _______________ on the H.M.S Beagle. A. botanist B. navigator C. traveling companion D. medical doctor
14. Darwin's theory was known as the theory of: A. natural selection B. natural variation C. animal evolution D. circumnavigation
15. Which of the following is not a criterion that Linneaus used to determine classification of species? A. sequence of bodily growth B. body function C. prior classification D. body structure
16. Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called: A. homologies B. taxonomy C. morphology D. adaptation
17. Animals with a generalized anatomy, relatively large brain, and grasping hands and feet are known as: A. chordates B. mammals C. vertebrates D. primates
18. Of those listed below, which is the broadest taxonomic category? A. family B. order C. phylum D. species
19. The comparison of the anatomical structures of wings on a bat to the wings on a butterfly is an example of: A. homology B. taxonomy C. analogy D. phylogeny
20. The comparison of the anatomical structures of a human arm to the wing of a bat is an example of: A. homology B. taxonomy C. analogy D. phylogeny
21. Invoking traditional events, such as the flood in the book of Genesis, to account for species disappearance is an example of:
A. exploitation B. system of nature C. Great Chain of Being D. catastrophism
22. What kind of theory is "catastrophism"? A. 17th-century scientific hypothesis B. 18th-century scientific theory C. 19th-century humanistic idea D. 20th-century scientific concept
23. Who proposed that animal populations remained stable over time because of the high proportion of animal offspring not surviving to maturity? A. Gregor Mendel B. Charles Darwin C. Thomas Malthus D. Charles Lyell
24. Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity?
A. Gregor Mendel B. Charles Lyell C. Thomas Malthus D. Charles Darwin
25. Today, Darwin's evolutionary theory is supported by data from all of the following except:
A. population genetics B. comprehensive understanding of heredity C. molecular genetics D. proto-genetics
26. What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening? A. he was a scientist and worked to create commercial plants B. he took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredity C. he bred garden plants to obtain higher yields D. he worked to breed garden plants in order to obtain better varieties
27. The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called: A. natural selection B. law of segregation C. law of heredity D. law of independent assortment
28. A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that encodes a particular protein is known as a:
A. gene B. allele C. double helix D. chromosome
29. Most of the advances in heredity at the molecular level have occurred during what time period? A. latter part of the 20th century B. early part of the 20th century C. latter part of the 19th century D. early part of the 19th century
30. Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not: A. blended B. separated C. molded D. selected
31. The cellular structures that contain genetic information are called: A. alleles B. genes C. chromosomes D. heritable units
32. Alleles are: A. the cell nucleus B. structures that carry specific proteins C. alternate forms of a single gene D. pieces of DNA
33. Sex cell division is called: A. independent assortment B. segregation C. meiosis D. mitosis
34. Which of the following is not one of the four base pairs?
A. glucosamine B. cytosine C. adenine D. thymine
35. Geneticists believe that humans have approximately how many functioning genes? A. 1,062 B. 25,000 C. 15,000 D. scientists have no idea how many genes humans have
36. Which of the following represents an existing base pair? A. guanine and adenine B. thymine and guanine C. guanine and cytosine D. cytosine and thymine
37. Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called: A. mitosis B. mitochondriosis C. meiosis D. cloning
38. During meiosis, genes are divided into: A. 2 new cells B. 4 new cells C. 6 new cells D. 8 new cells
39. What does Rayna Rapp's bio-cultural study of reproduction illustrate?
A. the phenomenon of aggression among non-human primates
B. the effect of genetic drift on rates of sickle-cell anemia transmission C. the complex interplay between biological knowledge and cultural practices
D. the genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees
40. Which of the following is not routinely associated with new reproductive technologies, such as genetic testing? A. a shift in cultural practices surrounding pregnancy B. potential to label disabled people as undesirable C. increased incidence of genetic assessments D. lowered incidence of pregnancy
41. Can some physical traits be dominant, while others are recessive? A. only during a mutation B. sometimes C. no D. yes
42. If a young man has Type A blood, this is his: A. DNA
B. genome
C. phenotype
D. genotype
43. If a young woman has blue eyes, this is her: A. DNA B. genome C. phenotype D. genotype
44. Since Type O Blood is co-dominant, a woman with Type O blood knows that OO is her:
A. DNA
B. genome
C. phenotype
D. genotype
45. A person's hair color is determined by at least two genes. Hair color is an example of: A. polygenetic inheritance B. genotype C. genome
D. DNA
46. An example of polygenetic inheritance is:
A. blood type
B. skin color
C. weight
D. sex
47. Chimpanzees and humans share what percentage of DNA similarity? A. 90% B. 95% C. 97
D. 98%
48. The chimp's genome is estimated to be _______________ % larger than the human's. A. 50
B. 75
C. 10
D. 25
49. All of the following are evolutionary forces except:
A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. genetic cloning D. mutation
50. In evolutionary terms, what kind of force is mutation?
A. negative because mutation decreases chances for survival
B. positive because it provides variation for selection
C. neutral because variation does not matter in the long run
D. mutation cannot be evaluated in these terms
51. What variable force is most important to adaptation over time? A. founder's effect B. genetic drift C. random mutation D. gene flow
52. The average rate of mutation per million is: A. 100
B. 20
C. 1000
D. 30
53. The main structural protein for skin, bones, and teeth is:
A. thymine B. adenine C. collagen D. guanine
54. Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population are evidences of:
A. genetic drift
B. gene flow C. mutation D. directional selection
55. Founder's Effect is a type of:
A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. environmental selection
56. A small group of people with several colorblind individuals move from the mainland move to a previously uninhabited, secluded island. Two hundred years
later 5% of the people of the island have color-blindness.
This is an example of: A. founder effects B. population bottleneck C. mutation D. gene flow
57. A painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change into abnormal shapes is called:
A. anemia
B. natural blood selection
C. Trisomy 21
D. sickle-cell anemia
58. Interbreeding allows for
A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. founder's effect D. guanine
59. What is the evolutionary force that has kept populations from developing into separate species?
A. founder's effect
B. mutation
C. random genetic drift
D. gene flow
60. Adaptation can best be described as:
A. an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutation
B. dominant characteristics in the gene pool
C. a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment
D. the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of a non-native population
62. Why does a bulky body tend to conserve more heat than a slender one? A. it has less surface area relative to volume
B. it has more surface area relative to volume
C. it has more fat regulation
D. it is more layered, with fat covering muscles
63. Scientists have found that carrying sickle-cell anemia (meaning, one is heterozygous) protects the individual from:
A. chicken pox
B. malaria
C. pneumonia
D. common cold
64. The allele for sickle-cell anemia is found primarily in areas where there are large populations of mosquitoes bearing:
A. falciparum malaria
B. parasitic dysentery C. smallpox D. yellow fever
65. The continuous gradation over space in the form or frequency of a genetic trait is known as a: A. homozygote B. polygene C. cline D. adaptive trait
66. In humans, climatic adaptation involves: A. body build only B. body build and cultural adaptation C. diet only D. none of the above
67. _______________ is the formation of a new species and _______________ focuses on the evolutionary relationships between species.
A. Macroevolution/microevolution B. Macroevolution/speciation C. Speciation/microevolution D. Speciation/macroevolution
68. Speciation through adaptation is generally believed to occur at a pace called:
A. homeobox adaptation B. punctuated equilibria C. Darwinian gradualism D. adaptive evolution
69. A sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics is called: A. cladogenesis B. genetic drift
C. anagenesis D. speciation
70. If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographical changes, causing them, over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other, it could result in:
A. allelic homogeneity B. gene flow C. anagenesis D. cladogenesis
71. What do we call the factors that separate two breeding populations? A. fission factors B. isolating factors C. punctuated equilibria D. cladogenesis
True/False
72. Evolution is the central organizing principle of the biological sciences.
73. Historical processes can shape evolutionary theory. 74. Humans are primates.
75. The "system of nature" is an approach to classify all of animate and inanimate nature. 76. Genera are subdivisions of species. 77. Humans are hominids.
78. Taxonomy is an ancient form of classification created by Linnaeus that is no longer used today. 79. A bat's wing is analogous to a human hand. 80. A bat's wing is homologous to a butterfly's wing. 81. Even prior to Darwin's publication, many European naturalists accepted the idea that life had evolved. 82. Readings from a book by Sir Charles Lyell contributed to Darwin's creation of a theory of evolution.
83. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1885.84. Mendel published his findings in a respectable scientific journal, but no one understood their full significance until after his death. 85. Mendel discovered that offspring inherit a blending of traits from mother and father. 86. Genes are particulate, meaning that they are separate structures rather than portions of DNA.
87. DNA provides the instruction for the thousands of proteins that keep us healthy every day. 88. The complete sequence of human DNA is called the genome.
89. Rice has more genes than humans.
90. If two body cells merge in meiosis, the result is a cell with 46 pairs of chromosomes.
91. In the search for disease cures, scientists often predict an individual's genotype.
92. The laws of chance tell us that two random sequences from species that have no ancestry in common will match at about one in every four sites.
93. The only source of new genetic material is random drift. 94. New mutations arise continuously. 95. Founder effects are a kind of genetic drift. 96. The existence of Homo sapiens as an interbreeding species is an example of gene flow.
97. Speciation can occur without branching.
Fill in the Blank 98. A group of like species is a _______________. 99. _______________ is a major organizing principle of biological science. 100. _______________ are the smallest working units of biological classification systems. 101. The science of classification is called _______________. 105. A sequence of chemical bases on a molecule of DNA constitutes a recipe for making _______________.
106. When a gene contains identical alleles it is referred to as _______________.
107. In the A-B-O blood system, an individual with type O has an OO _______________.
108. When an individual tells you he has blood Type A, he is telling you his _______________. 109. An individual's composite physical characteristics are known as the _________________.
110. When neither allele is dominant, it is referred to as _______________. 111. Blood Type AB is an example of a _______________ because in this case neither are dominant. 112. The blood protein that carries oxygen is called _______________. 113. Heritable variation constitutes the raw material of _______________. 114. The ultimate source of evolutionary change is _______________.115. When an existing population splits up into two, the kind of genetic drift that occurs is called ________________________. 116. Adaptation is the outcome of _______________. 117. Heterozygotes for sickle-cell anemia are protected against _______________.
118. Anthropologists study biological diversity in terms of _______________.
119. _______________ is responsible for the creation of new species over time. 120. _______________ is responsible for all that humans share as well as the array of diversity in our world.
Short Answer
121. By what criteria did Linnaeus establish his classificatory system? 122. Distinguish analogies from homologies. 123. Describe the theory of natural selection. 124. What were the problems that plagued Darwin's theory of natural selection throughout his career? 125. Describe Mendel's "law of segregation." 126. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. 127. What is evolution?
128. What is life ?
129. What is culture ?
130. What is NATURAL SOUL ?