New York Times October 15, 2003
Coca Culture
By LEONIDA ZURITA-VARGAS
O CHABAMBA, Bolivia There has been rioting in Bolivia for nearly four
weeks now. News reports say that the riots have been over the
construction of a pipeline to ship natural gas to the United States.
That's true, but there's a deeper anger at work: anger toward the
United States and its war against a traditional Bolivian crop, coca.
You see, because of the American drug problem, we can no longer grow
coca, which was part of our life and our culture long before the
United States was a country. This is why many of the people protesting
in La Paz and other cities are peasants whose families have cultivated
coca for generations.
My tribe, the Quechua, comes from the lowland jungles of the Chapare
in central Bolivia. We are used to chewing coca leaves every day, much
as Americans drink coffee. We sustained ourselves by growing coca for
chewing and for products like shampoo, medicinal teas and toothpaste.
We did not turn coca into cocaine; the chemicals needed for that are
made in countries like the United States. Bolivia now allows us to
grow a very small amount of coca, but it is not enough.
I am a cocalera. I owe my life to coca. My father died when I was 2
and my mother raised six children by growing coca. I was a farmer
myself, growing coca for traditional purposes. But the United States
says it is better for us to just forget about coca. In the early
1990's, Bolivian officials distributed American money $300 to $2,500
per farm and told us to try yucca and pineapples. But 60 pineapples
earn us only about eight bolivianos (about $1). And unlike coca, yucca
and pineapples are difficult to carry to the cities to sell, and they
spoil. So many farmers returned to growing coca.
Then in 1998, the Bolivian government announced it would eradicate
coca farms through a military program financed by the Americans.
Soldiers came to the Chapare and destroyed our coca crops with
machetes. School teachers were beaten, and some houses were burned
down.
When I saw that, I couldn't be quiet. I helped to organize people
village by village, and I became leader of a national association of
peasant women. Eventually we were joined in our protests by other
social movements and unions. We have continued to grow. Evo Morales,
the head of the national coca growers' union, even came in second in
the 2002 presidential election. He got 21 percent of the vote, while
the current president, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, got 22 percent.
I think Mr. Morales would win today. Bolivians have grown tired of Mr.
Sánchez de Lozada's free-market, pro-United States policies, which
have not lowered our high rate of unemployment. The president's
willingness to build a pipeline through Chile to export our natural
gas to the United States has made many more people join the
anti-government protests the cocaleros started.
To me, real success in the war on drugs would be to capture and
prosecute the big drug traffickers, and for the United States to stop
its own citizens from using drugs. The war on the cocaleros has
brought Bolivia nothing but poverty and death.
Now tanks surround the presidential palace in La Paz. Fourteen people
died in riots there on Monday alone. Unless the United States and its
allies like Mr. Sánchez de Lozada stop their war against us, Bolivia
will have neither peace nor a future.
Leonida Zurita-Vargas is secretary general of Bartolina Sisa, an
association of peasant women. This article was written with Maria
Cristina Caballero, a Colombian journalist and fellow at Harvard's
Center for Public Leadership.
Copyright 2003 The New York Times Company