Tuesday, Jan 24, 2006
Opinion
Brazil's roofless reclaim the cities
Tom Phillips
Support grows for the urban coalition that takes over disused buildings for the homeless and poor.
EVERY DAY at 4 a.m., 18-year-old Julienne Cunha wakes to fetch water for her family. She climbs from her bed in the poky, plywood shack she shares with six relatives and collects her bucket. In the remote northern fishing village of Alcantara where she was born, it would be nothing out of the ordinary. But these days, Julienne lives on the 20th floor of a tower block in one of the wealthiest districts of Sao Paulo, the world's third largest city.
A resident of Prestes Maia, a colossal abandoned clothes factory that towers over central Sao Paulo, Ms. Cunha is one of the youngest members of Brazil's sem-teto or "roofless" movement - an urban coalition growing in cities across the country. Water does not reach Ms. Cunha's part of Prestes Maia, so she treks down its spiralling staircase every day to collect it for relatives including her brother, sister, and two-month-old son.
The roofless movement is the urban equivalent to Brazil's Movimento dos Sem Terra (MST) or Landless Movement, which has spearheaded the campaign for land reform since the 1980s. The MST defends Brazil's impoverished rural workers and reclaims unproductive land for the dispossessed.
The Movimento de Sem-Teto do Centro, MSTC, on the other hand, reclaims buildings for the urban homeless and for low-income workers, many of whom work in the informal economy.
Eight years after its foundation, the MSTC is part of an ever-growing coalition fighting for the rights of Brazil's urban poor, under the umbrella of the Frente de Luta por Moradia or Pro-housing Front.
Prestes Maia, Sao Paulo's biggest occupation with 22 storeys in total, is home to 468 families; around 3,000 people from all over South America cram into improvised shacks constructed in what was once office space. Walking through Prestes Maia is like taking a road trip through Brazil. On every floor a different accent hangs in the air; the exaggerated vowels of the baianos, who swapped Salvador's favelas for the bustle of Sao Paulo; the staccato consonants of the pernambucanos who fled the arid backlands of Brazil's north-east in search of work; and, on the sixth floor Bolivian immigrants who flick between Spanish and Portuguese as they describe their fight for survival in the occupation.
"There are lots of people here with different cultures, different ways of life," explains 49-year-old Jomarina Abreu Pires da Fonseca, an MSTC coordinator, in her home on the 11th floor of Prestes Maia. "Someone has to try to keep order," she adds, grinning.
Organised community
At first glance, Prestes Maia, which sem-teto members occupied in 2002, resembles a chaotic, multi-storey shantytown; cardboard spews out of its cracked windows, graffiti litter its walls, and children rattle through its wide corridors on bicycles. But the community is meticulously organised. Residents contribute R$20 a month to the upkeep of the building, and a rota system exists for cleaning each floor's communal bathroom. Ms. Fonseca holds weekly meetings at which representatives from each floor discuss house rules, new arrivals and future occupations.
Sao Paulo, like many of Brazil's large urban centres, is a city crying out for housing reform. According to the United Nations it has 39,289 abandoned buildings. At the same time, says the Sao Paulo-based Social Network of Justice and Human Rights, there are an estimated 15,000 homeless people here with many thousands more unable to afford decent housing outside the city's favelas, where around two million are thought to live.
Before becoming President, Luiz Inacio da Silva of the Workers party promised this would all change. Now, three years on and mired in an ongoing corruption scandal, Mr. da Silva is coming under fire for backtracking on his promises to Brazil's social movements. Although Workers party propaganda still adorns many of Prestes Maia's plaster walls, anger is growing that the "shoeshine President" has not done more to help the country's poor.
"We are petistas [supporters of the Workers party], but we have to say that he has done nothing for the social movements. We've tried to put pressure on him but what we hoped for hasn't happened," says Ms. Fonseca, as two deliverymen haul the occupation's latest acquisition - a new washing machine - up the last of 10 flights of crumbling stairs.
Another critic is Ivone Maria Santana de Souza, a 45-year-old immigrant from a shantytown in the north-eastern city of Olinda, who lives on the 19th floor. Along with her daughter and four grandchildren, Ms. de Souza spends her days separating tiny plastic hangers for a sock company. She receives 80 centavos for every kilo of hangers and the family survive off the monthly income of about R$500. "If we could find work [in the north-east] we'd never have come here in the first place," she says, dressed in a white nightdress bearing the words "life is good" in English. "The money situation is horrible. If you work in the centre where do they expect you to live? What do they expect you to do?"
The area's housing secretary, Orlando Almeida, told a magazine recently that the centre's poor should be relocated from inner-city tenements to the city's outskirts. A new project to revitalise parts of central Sao Paulo, including one neighbourhood known as Cracolandia (Crackland), aims to redevelop the area almost exclusively for the middle and upper class. Human rights groups say the plans will marginalise further Sao Paulo's ever-growing underclass. -
© Guardian Newspapers Limited 2004
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