On Adolph Reed’s points, I don’t know if he has it exactly right, but it is certainly a valuable investigation.
How could one not notice that the meaning of race has changed in the US and in the developed world?
Racial discrimination was official policy up until the 1960s, and ‘coded’ racism in policing and immigration law was the norm right up to the 1980s.
Sometime around the 1990s that began to change, and the official culture became more and more overtly anti-racist.
Of course it is an argument that that is all window dressing and the fundamental relations have not changed, but that seems to be dogmatic, and does not really explain why so much window-dressing.